Freedom of Worship (Norman Rockwell)

Robert Cloninger, M.D. of the School of Psychiatry at the Washington University of St. Louis originated the “How Spiritual Are You?” quiz which appeared in abbreviated form in a 2004 edition of Time Magazine,1 and also on the website of Michael A. Toth, Ph.D. for use in a graduate Sociology of Religion class at Portland University. [PDF]

The "How Spiritual Are You" test was adapted from the Temperament and Character Inventory, a 240-question personality test developed by Cloninger at Sansone Center for Family Wellness, a psychiatric research center at Washington University. The "self-transcendence" sub-scale reportedly measures "what allows us to have the kind of experience described as religious ecstasy," according to Cloninger.